Manifestaciones cutáneas comunes de las principales enfermedades hepáticas / Common cutaneous manifestations of major liver diseases

Las enfermedades hepáticas presentan múltiples manifestaciones sistémicas, entre las cuales se destacan los hallazgos en piel, siendo los más comunes el prurito y la ictericia; así mismo, se pueden encontrar angiomas en araña, eritema palmar, xantomas, vasculitis y cambios en anexos. Este artículo tiene como objetivo describir los principales signos y síntomas cutáneos en las enfermedades hepáticas para brindar herramientas semiológicas al clínico en su práctica diaria

Liver disease present multiple systemic manifestations, among which skin findings stand out, being the most common pruritus and jaundice. Other findings can also be manifested like spider angiomas, palmar erythema, xanthomas, vasculitis and changes in skin appendages. The objective of this article is to describe the main skin signs and symptoms of liver diseases to provide semiological tools to the physician in his daily practice.

Prevención de las hepatitis virales crónicas como contenido de la superación del Equipo Básico de Salud

Introducción: Entre las causas más frecuentes de mortalidad se encuentran las enfermedades infecciosas, en particular en el tercer mundo. Y entre estas, están las hepatitis virales crónicas, las cuales aumentan su incidencia en Cuba. Objetivo: Exponer elementos de un sistema de superación dirigido al desarrollo de los conocimientos en los miembros del Equipo Básico de Salud del Policlínico Docente José Martí de la provincia de Camagüey, Cuba, sobre la prevención de las hepatitis virales crónicas en la Atención Primaria de Salud. Método: Se desarrolló una investigación participativa cuanticualitativa de carácter explicativo causal, mediante la ejecución del proyecto de investigación no asociado a programa Sistema de estrategias para la prevención de las hepatitis virales crónicas, desde la consulta provincial, ejecutado entre 2017 y 2022. El universo involucró 137 profesionales para una muestra de 68. Resultados: Los profesionales adquirieron nuevas experiencias, reconocieron la necesidad de capacitación, así como la comprensión de su vínculo con los pacientes que padecen estas enfermedades para advertir el riesgo que corren al no acudir a los servicios de salud para ser diagnosticados y tener un seguimiento con los servicios de la Atención Primaria de Salud. Predominó el índice alto como calificación de las preguntas del instrumento de salida para todos los participantes. Conclusiones: El sistema favorece el desarrollo de los conocimientos sobre la prevención de las hepatitis virales crónicas del Equipo Básico de Salud objeto de estudio. Las acciones potencian la participación de los actores de la comunidad y sus sesiones de intercambio se distinguen por su carácter activo, dinámico y funcional, en pos de una mejor práctica asistencial, preventiva de las hepatitis virales crónicas en el nivel primario.

Introduction: Among the most frequent causes of mortality are infectious diseases, particularly in the third world. And among these are chronic viral hepatitis, which increases its incidence in Cuba. Objective: To present elements of an improvement system aimed at developing knowledge in the members of the Basic Health Team of the José Martí Teaching Polyclinic in the province of Camagüey, Cuba, on the prevention of chronic viral hepatitis in Primary Health Care. Method: A quantitative participatory research of a causal explanatory nature was developed, through the execution of the research project not associated with the System of Strategies for the Prevention of Chronic Viral Hepatitis program, from the provincial consultation, executed between 2017 and 2022. The universe involved 137 professionals for a sample of 68. Results: Professionals acquired new experiences, recognized the need for training, as well as understanding their relationship with patients who suffer from these diseases to warn of the risk they run by not going to health services, to be diagnosed and have follow-up with Primary Health Care services. The high index predominated as the rating of the output instrument questions for all participants. Conclusions: The system favors the development of knowledge on the prevention of chronic viral hepatitis of the Basic Health Team under study. The actions enhance the participation of community actors and their exchange sessions are distinguished by their active, dynamic and functional nature, in pursuit of better care practice, preventive of chronic viral hepatitis at the primary level.

Introdução: Entre as causas mais frequentes de mortalidade estão as doenças infecciosas, principalmente no terceiro mundo. E entre estas estão as hepatites virais crónicas, que aumentam a sua incidência em Cuba. Objetivo: Apresentar elementos de um sistema de melhoria que visa desenvolver conhecimentos nos membros da Equipe Básica de Saúde da Policlínica Escolar José Martí, na província de Camagüey, Cuba, sobre a prevenção das hepatites virais crônicas na Atenção Primária à Saúde. Método: Desenvolveu-se uma pesquisa quantitativa participativa de natureza causal explicativa, através da execução do projeto de pesquisa não vinculado ao programa Sistema de Estratégias de Prevenção das Hepatites Virais Crônicas, a partir da consulta provincial, executada entre 2017 e 2022. O universo envolveu 137 profissionais para uma amostra de 68. Resultados: Os profissionais adquiriram novas experiências, reconheceram a necessidade de capacitação, bem como compreenderam sua relação com os pacientes que sofrem dessas doenças para alertar sobre o risco que correm ao não procurarem os serviços de saúde. ser diagnosticado e ter acompanhamento nos serviços de Atenção Primária à Saúde. O índice alto predominou na classificação das questões do instrumento de saída para todos os participantes. Conclusões: O sistema favorece o desenvolvimento do conhecimento sobre a prevenção das hepatites virais crônicas da Equipe Básica de Saúde em estudo. As ações potenciam a participação dos atores comunitários e as suas sessões de intercâmbio distinguem-se pelo seu caráter ativo, dinâmico e funcional, na procura de melhores práticas assistenciais, preventivas das hepatites virais crónicas no nível primário.

Helicobacter pylori e as doenças hepatobiliares: atualização 2023 / Helicobacter and hepatobiliary diseases: update 2023

ABSTRACT Helicobacter Pylori (H. pylori) is one of the main infectious causes of gastroduodenal diseases, however, its role in developing different extragastric diseases has been proven. The possible involvement of H. pylori in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular, metabolic, neurodegenerative, skin, and hepatobiliary diseases is suggested. The bacterium has been found in tissue samples from the liver, biliary tract, and gallstones of animals and humans. However, the role of H. pylori infection in the pathogenesis of liver and biliary diseases has not been finally established. The histopathological confirmation of the positive effect of H. pylori eradication is needed. In addition, there are discussions on the clinical significance of other Helicobacter species. The review presents the data available for and against the involvement of H. pylori in hepatobi­liary disease development and progression.

RESUMO Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) é uma das principais causas infecciosas de doenças gastroduodenais, no entanto, seu papel no desenvolvimento de diferentes doenças extragástricas tem sido comprovado. Sugere-se o possível envolvimento do H. pylori na patogênese de doenças cardiovasculares, metabólicas, neurodegenerativas, cutâneas e hepatobiliares. A bactéria tem sido encontrada em amostras de tecido do fígado, trato biliar e cálculos biliares de animais e humanos. No entanto, o papel da infecção por H. pylori na patogênese de doenças do fígado e das vias biliares ainda não foi estabelecido definitivamente. A confirmação histopatológica do efeito positivo da erradicação do H. pylori é necessária. Além disso, existem discussões sobre a importância clínica de outras espécies de Helicobacter. A revisão apresenta os dados disponíveis a favor e contra o envolvimento do H. pylori no desenvolvimento e progressão das doenças hepatobiliares.

Prevención de las hepatitis virales crónicas como contenido de la formación del especialista de Medicina General Integral

La superación profesional constituye un proceso permanente de la educación superior que garantiza la actualización y preparación de sus graduados para un ejercicio adecuado de sus desempeños en la práctica: en particular, en el ámbito de las ciencias médicas favorece la atención a las situaciones de salud que se presentan en la comunidad. El objetivo del presente trabajo está encaminado a exponer los fundamentos teóricos que sustentan el estudio del proceso de formación del residente de Medicina General Integral y la concreción del trabajo preventivo desde la comunidad. Se trata de un acercamiento inicial al proceso de formación de los especialistas de la Atención Primaria de Salud y la prevención de las hepatitis virales crónicas y como continuidad de las acciones de un proyecto de investigación, se acomete el abordaje actual en el período comprendido entre septiembre de 2022 a octubre de 2024, bajo el auspicio del Centro de Estudios de Ciencias de la Educación Enrique José Varona, de la Universidad Ignacio Agramonte Loynaz y el Centro de Desarrollo de las Ciencias Sociales y Humanísticas en Salud, de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas, ambas instituciones pertenecientes a la provincia de Camagüey.

Professional improvement constitutes a permanent process of higher education that guarantees the updating and preparation of its graduates for an adequate exercise of their performances in practice: in particular, in the field of medical sciences, it favors attention to health situations that appear in the community. The objective of this work is aimed at exposing the theoretical foundations that support the study of the training process of the Comprehensive General Medicine resident and the concretion of preventive work from the community. This is an initial approach to the training process of Primary Health Care specialists and the prevention of chronic viral hepatitis and as a continuation of the actions of a research project, the current approach is undertaken in the period between September from 2022 to October 2024, under the auspices of the Enrique José Varona Center for the Study of Education Sciences, of the Ignacio Agramonte Loynaz University and the Center for the Development of Social and Humanistic Sciences in Health, of the University of Medical Sciences, both institutions belonging to the province of Camagüey.

Dépistage de la stéatose hépatique par le Fibroscan/CAP chez les sujets noirs africains porteurs d'une Hépatite Virale B chronique en Côte d'Ivoire / Fibroscan/CAP screening for hepatic steatosis in black African subjects with chronic Viral Hepatitis B in Ivory Coast

Context and objectives As the global epidemic of obesity and metabolic syndrome progresses, the coexistence of fatty liver disease in patients with chronic viral hepatitis B (VHB) becomes significant. The objective of this work was to determine the frequency of hepatic steatosis assessed by Fibroscan/CAP (Controlled Attenuation Parameter) in patients with chronic VHB in Côte d'Ivoire. Methods. The study included 83 patients with chronic VHB. These were black patients who had performed a Fibroscan/CAP during the recruitment period and were willing to participate in the study. Patients with significant alcohol consumption, a secondary cause of hepatic steatosis, another liver disease regardless of the etiology associated with VHB were not included. Results. The frequency of hepatic steatosis in chronic HBV carriers assessed by CAP in our study population was 48.19 %, including 24.10 % of severe steatosis. Obesity was statistically correlated with the presence of steatosis in our patients. Patients who had steatosis on ultrasound were 5 times more likely to have steatosis on CAP. Significant fibrosis was insignificantly associated with steatosis. Conclusion. The frequency of fatty liver disease detected by fibroscan/CAP is high in patients with chronic VHB.

Contexte et objectifs Avec la progression de l'épidémie mondiale d'obésité et du syndrome métabolique, la coexistence d'une stéatose hépatique chez les patients porteurs d'une hépatite virale B chronique devient non négligeable. L'objectif de ce travail était de déterminer la fréquence de la stéatose hépatique chez les patients porteurs d'une hépatite virale B (HVB) chronique. Méthodes. Il s'agissait d'une série des cas de HVB de race noire, ayant réalisé un Fibroscan/CAP pendant la période du recrutement et consentants à participer à l'étude. Les patients ayant une consommation d'alcool significative, une cause secondaire de stéatose hépatique, une autre hépatopathie quelle que soit l'étiologie associée à l'hépatite B n'ont pas été inclus. Résultats. Quatre-vingt-trois patients porteurs d'une HVB ont été inclus. La fréquence de la stéatose hépatique chez les porteurs du VHB chronique était de 48,19 % dont 24,10 % de stéatose sévère. L'obésité était statistiquement corrélée à la présence d'une stéatose chez nos patients. Les patients qui avaient une stéatose à l'échographie étaient 5 fois plus à risque d'avoir une stéatose au CAP. La fibrose significative était associée de façon non significative à la stéatose. Conclusion : Près de la moitié des patients porteurs d'une hépatite virale B chronique présente une stéatose hépatique.

Advances in the prevention and treatment of the high-risk population for hepatitis E / 临床肝胆病杂志

‍Hepatitis E virus （HEV） infection is one of the most common causes of acute viral hepatitis. Most patients with HEV infection are asymptomatic and the virus can be spontaneously eliminated. Pregnant women， the elderly， immunocompromised populations， patients with chronic liver disease， and individuals in close contact with HEV-infected animals are at a high risk for HEV infection. The recombinant hepatitis E vaccine HEV 239 is the only approved hepatitis E vaccine， with both short- and long-term protective efficacy. This vaccine has a favorable safety profile with few adverse events， and the high-risk populations should be given the priority to receive such vaccination. Immunocompromised individuals may develop chronic HEV infection. Ribavirin and interferon are currently the most commonly used antiviral drugs for the treatment of HEV infection； however， it still needs to develop safe and effective novel antiviral drugs for patients with contraindications to ribavirin or interferon or those who have no response to such therapy.

Joinpoint regression analysis and Epidemiological characteristics of hepatitis in Changning District of Shanghai in 2009 - 2019 / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To investigate the tendency of viral hepatitis in Changning District, Shanghai, and to provide scientific evidence for decision-making of prevention and control. Methods Cases of viral hepatitis in Changning District from 2009-2019 were collected , and the epidemiological characteristics of viral hepatitis were analyzed by descriptive epidemiological method. Joinpoint regression analysis were used to estimate the annual percent change and average annual percent change, and to perform the trend test. Results Among the 2009-2019 in Changning District, a total of 3 397 cases of viral hepatitis were reported , the annual average incidence rate was 49.32/100 000. Results from Joinpoint trend analysis indicated that the incidence of viral hepatitis in Changning District was mainly due to hepatitis A and hepatitis B. Conclusions Although the annual incidence rate of viral hepatitis in Changning District is far below the incidence rate of viral hepatitis in China, but it still shows an increasing trend. This shows that the situation of prevention and control of viral hepatitis in Changning is still serious, and hepatitis B remains the key point of prevention of viral hepatitis in Shanghai.

Key points for viral hepatitis management in "Global health sector strategies on, respectively, HIV, viral hepatitis and sexually transmitted infections for the period 2022— 2030":interpretation and clinical practice / 中华检验医学杂志

In June 2022, the World Health Organization released the"Global health sector strategies on, respectively, HIV, viral hepatitis and sexually transmitted infections for the period 2022—2030". It sets more specific and large-scale goals for eliminating the major infectious diseases, which are still threatening human health. In combination with our clinical practice, present document highlights the advances and challenges in the process of implementing the suggested strategies and ways to achieve the stated goal of eliminating the viral hepatitis in China.

Aspectos que fragilizam o acesso das pessoas com hepatites virais aos serviços de saúde / Aspectos que debilitan el acceso de la persona com hepatitis virales a la atención em servicios de salud / Aspects that weaken access of people with viral hepatitis to healthcare services

Resumo Objetivo analisar os aspectos que fragilizam o acesso à atenção às hepatites virais. Método pesquisa avaliativa, desenvolvida no Estado de Mato Grosso, com os gestores da Secretaria de Estado de Saúde e os profissionais dos serviços de referência. Para a coleta de dados realizaram-se entrevistas, utilizou-se a Análise de Conteúdo, na vertente temática e, para a discussão as dimensões do modelo de análise de acesso universal aos serviços de saúde. Resultados a dimensão política apresenta pouca participação da gestão federal e estadual na proposição de diretrizes, coordenação e pactuação. Na dimensão econômico-social o baixo investimento na rede pública e a dificuldade de fixação de profissionais especialistas. Na dimensão organizacional a regulação do acesso, da assistência e a logística do tratamento sofrem com as barreiras geográficas, além do baixo uso do monitoramento e a avaliação. Na dimensão técnica a pouca formação profissional e a ausência de projeto compartilhado em rede. Na dimensão simbólica os fatores culturais, de crença, valores e subjetividade interferem no acesso. Conclusão e implicações para a prática os resultados colaboram para direcionar ações de enfrentamento, almejando alcançar as metas pactuadas para a Agenda 2030.

Resumen Objetivo analizar los aspectos que debilitan el acceso a la atención a las hepatitis virales. Método investigación evaluativa, desarrollada en el Estado de Mato Grosso, con los gestores del Departamento de Salud del Estado y los profesionales de los servicios de referencia. Para la recolección de datos fueron realizadas entrevistas, se utilizó el Análisis de Contenido, en el aspecto temático, y para discutir las dimensiones del modelo de análisis de acceso universal a los servicios de salud. Resultados la dimensión política presenta poca participación de la administración federal y estatal en la propuesta de lineamientos, coordinación y acuerdo. En la dimensión económico-social la baja inversión en la red pública y dificultad para fijar profesionales especializados. En la dimensión organizacional, la regulación de la logística de acceso, asistencia y tratamiento sufren con las barreras geográficas, además del bajo uso de monitoreo y evaluación. En la dimensión técnica poca formación y ausencia de proyecto compartido en red. En la dimensión simbólica los factores culturales, la creencia, los valores y la subjetividad interfieren en el acceso. Conclusión e implicaciones para la práctica los hallazgos colaboran para reflejar las acciones de afrontamiento destinadas a alcanzar los objetivos acordados para la Agenda 2030.

Abstract Objective to analyze the aspects that weaken the access to viral hepatitis care. Method evaluative research, developed in the State of Mato Grosso, with managers of the State Health Department and professionals from reference services. For data collection, interviews were conducted. Content analysis was used in a theme-based approach and, for the discussion, the dimensions of the analysis model of universal access to health services. Results The political dimension presents little participation of federal and state management in the proposition of guidelines, coordination, and pacts. In the economic-social dimension, the low investment in the public network and the difficulty in hiring specialist professionals were identified. In the organizational dimension, the regulation of access, assistance, and the logistics of treatment suffers from geographic barriers, besides the low use of monitoring and evaluation. In the technical dimension, the little professional training and the absence of a shared network project were noticed. In the symbolic dimension, cultural factors, beliefs, values, and subjectivity interfere with access. Conclusion and implications for the practice the results collaborate to direct confrontation actions, aiming to reach the goals agreed upon for the 2030 Agenda

Tendência dos casos notificados de hepatites virais no estado de mato grosso - brasil / Trend of viral hepatitis cases notified in the state of mato grosso - brazil / Tendencia de los casos notificados de hepatitis viral en el estado de mato grosso, brasil

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar as tendências temporais dos casos notificados de hepatites virais em Mato Grosso - BR, no período de 2010 a 2019. Método: estudo epidemiológico do tipo ecológico, com coleta de dados no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação. Para análise da tendência temporal foi realizada transformação logarítmica dos coeficientes e procedimento de Prais-Winsten para análise de regressão linear generalizada. Resultados: foram registrados 9.043 casos de hepatites virais: hepatites A (13,62%), B (67,19%), C (18,07%), D (0,49%) e ausência de registros hepatite E. Houve maior prevalência de casos notificados em 2014 (12,36%) e menor em 2018 (8,16%). A hepatite C (IC95% 2,5; 3,4) foi a única com tendência crescente, enquanto A (IC95% -4,8; -4,6), B (IC95% -0,9; -1,2) e D (IC95% -0,2; -3,9) apresentaram tendência decrescente. Conclusão: conclui-se que é imprescindível a continuidade e melhoria das ações de enfrentamento para eliminação desses agravos no estado em face de suas tendências e incidência.

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the time trends of viral hepatitis cases notified from 2010 to 2019 in Mato Grosso - BR. Method: an epidemiological study of the ecological type, with data collection in the Notifiable Diseases Information System. For the analysis of the time trend, a logarithmic transformation of the coefficients and the Prais-Winsten procedure for generalized linear regression analysis were performed. Results: 9,043 viral hepatitis cases were recorded: Hepatitis A (13.62%), Hepatitis B (67.19%), Hepatitis C (18.07%) and Hepatitis D (0.49%), with no Hepatitis E records. The prevalence of cases notified was higher in 2014 (12.36%) and lower in 2018 (8.16%). Hepatitis C (95% CI: 2.5; 3.4) was the only one with an increasing trend, while Hepatitis A (95% CI: -4.8; -4.6), Hepatitis B (95% CI: -0.9; -1.2) and Hepatitis D (95% CI:-0.2; -3.9) presented a decreasing trend. Conclusion: in view of their trends and incidence, it is concluded that it is indispensable to continue and improve coping actions to eradicate these diseases in the state.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar las tendencias temporales de los casos notificados de hepatitis viral en Mato Grosso, Brasil, de 2010 a 2019. Método: estudio epidemiológico de tipo ecológico, con recolección de datos en el Sistema de Información de Enfermedades de Información Obligatoria. Para el análisis de tendencia temporal se realizó una transformación logarítmica de los coeficientes y el procedimiento de Prais-Winsten para el análisis de regresión lineal generalizada. Resultados: se registraron 9.043 casos de hepatitis viral: hepatitis A (13,62%), B (67,19%), C (18,07%), D (0,49%) y ningún registro de hepatitis E. Hubo mayor prevalencia de casos notificados en 2014 (12,36%) y menor en 2018 (8,16%). La hepatitis C (IC 95% 2,5; 3,4) fue la única con tendencia creciente, mientras que la A (IC 95% -4,8; -4,6), B (IC 95% -0,9; -1,2) y D (IC 95% - 0.2; -3.9) mostraron una tendencia decreciente. Conclusión: es fundamental continuar y mejorar las acciones de afrontamiento para eliminar estas enfermedades en el estado, dadas las tendencias e incidencia que tienen.

Características clinicoepidemiológicas y endoscópicas en portadores del virus C de la hepatitis con tratamiento de hemodiálisis / Clinical epidemiological and endoscopic characteristics in carriers of the viral hepatitis C with hemodialysis treatment i: en

Introducción: Los pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica en tratamiento de hemodiálisis constituyen un importante grupo de riesgo para adquirir la infección por el virus C de la hepatitis. Objetivo: Caracterizar a portadores del virus C de la hepatitis en tratamiento de hemodiálisis según variables clinicoepidemiológicas y endoscópicas. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación observacional, descriptiva, retrospectiva y longitudinal de 63 pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica, en tratamiento de hemodiálisis, portadores del virus C de la hepatitis, quienes fueron atendidos en la consulta de Gastroenterología del Hospital General Docente Dr. Juan Bruno Zayas de Santiago de Cuba, desde enero de 2015 hasta septiembre de 2019. Resultados: En la investigación primaron el sexo masculino, el grupo etario de 31-60 años, además de la hipertensión arterial y la diabetes mellitus como antecedentes personales. Los factores de riesgo de mayor incidencia fueron las inyecciones y las transfusiones frecuentes. Conclusiones: Existió una correlación significativa entre el tiempo en hemodiálisis y el tiempo de diagnóstico del virus C de la hepatitis; sin embargo, la replicación viral se mantuvo baja.

Introduction: The patients with chronic renal failure in hemodialysis treatment constitute an important risk group to acquire the infection for the viral hepatitis C. Objective: To characterize carriers of the viral hepatitis C in hemodialysis treatment according to clinical epidemiological and endoscopic variables. Methods: An observational, descriptive, retrospective and longitudinal investigation of 63 patients with chronic renal failure, in hemodialysis treatment, carriers of the viral hepatitis C was carried out, who were assisted in the Gastroenterology Service of Dr. Juan Bruno Zayas Teaching General Hospital in Santiago de Cuba from January, 2015 to September, 2019. Results: In the investigation there was a prevalence of the male sex, the 31-60 age group, besides hypertension and the diabetes mellitus as personal history. The risk factors of more incidence were injections and frequent transfusions. Conclusions: There was a significant correlation between the time in hemodialysis and the time of diagnosis of the viral hepatitis C; however, the viral replication stayed low.

Prevalence of Hepatitis A and E Infection in a Suburban Tertiary Care Hospital

Background: Acute viral hepatitis causes high morbidity in children and young adults. Hepatitis A and E can lead to fulminant hepatitis in 0.1% -2%. Objective: To find prevalence of HAV and HEV among suspected cases of acute viral hepatitis and to co-relate the laboratory findings with clinical presentations, over a one year periodMaterial & Methods:A retrospective analysis of 396 suspected acute viral hepatitis cases, whose samples were received in the laboratory during over a period of 1 year was performed. All sera samples were tested for IgM anti HAV & IgM anti HEV using commercially available solid phase ELISA, in Microbiology laboratory, at our hospital.Results:Majority infected were male (69%) and young adults (98 %). Clinical presentations included fever (92%), jaundice/icterus (74%), nausea/vomiting (60%), hepatomegaly (45%), abdominal pain (40%), darkcoloredurine(15%), itching/rash (8.3%). ELISA revealed overall positivity :21.2% ; HAV: 38% ,HEV:62% and dual infection:5%. Increased serum bilirubin, AST and ALT occured in 68%.Conclusions:Awareness regarding sanitation and hygiene is imperative to curb the spread of acute viral hepatitis, especially in developing countries. Laboratory diagnosis is an essential supplementary tool in confirmation of suspected clinical cases and reduce transmission of this infection.

Avaliação dos preditores da falha dos antivirais de ação direta como mais um passo para programas de eliminação de VHC mais eficiente: o polimorfismo genético IL28B (IFNL4) não tem destaque, enquanto maior liberação estimada do "clearence" de creatinina é um fator esquecido / Assessing predictors of directly acting antivirals' failure as a further step towards more efficient hcv elimination programs: il28b (ifnl4) gene polymorphism has no role while higher estimated creatinine clearance is a forgotten factor

ABSTRACT Background: Sustained virologic response (SVR) rates after directly acting antivirals (DAAs) for hepatitis C virus (HCV) exceed 95%. This encouraged policymakers to put plans to achieve HCV elimination by 2030. The remaining percentage of non-SVR12 can affect HCV eradication strategies in the real-world especially the compliance of large numbers of treated persons to follow up for assessment of virologic response cannot be guaranteed. Objective: We aimed to assess predictors of failure to achieve SVR after receiving sofosbuvir plus NS5A inhibitor as an important step towards achieving better HCV eradication strategies. Methods: During the period from 1st November 2018 to 1st November 2019, 1581 treatment-naive patients received sofosbuvir plus daclatasvir ± ribavirin at our unit and 10 patients were referred to us with HCV relapse after the same regimens. A total of 163 out of the 1581 patients were lost for follow-up before assessment of virologic response and excluded from the analysis. 20 out of the remaining patients failed to achieve SVR12. Data from the 30 patients with non-SVR12 were included in the case-control analysis. Results: Every unit increase in estimated creatinine clearance using modification of diet in renal disease study (MDRD) score, total bilirubin, and INR was associated with 1.03, 13.92, and 80.08 times greater odds of non-SVR12 (P<0.001, P=0.0016, P=0.02) respectively. The presence of liver cirrhosis on ultrasonography increases the odds by 10.03. (P=0.009). Conclusion: Higher MDRD score, INR, total bilirubin, and presence of sonographic features of liver cirrhosis are predictors of failure to achieve SVR12 using sofosbuvir plus NS5A inhibitor.

RESUMO Contexto: As taxas de resposta virológica sustentada (SVR) após ação direta de antivirais (DAAs) para o vírus da hepatite C (VHC) excedem 95%. Isso encorajou os formuladores de políticas a colocar planos para alcançar a eliminação do VHC até 2030. O percentual remanescente de não-respondedores pode afetar as estratégias de erradicação do VHC no mundo real, especialmente a conformidade de um grande número de pessoas tratadas para acompanhamento para avaliação da resposta virológica não pode ser garantida. Objetivo: Nosso objetivo foi avaliar os preditores de não atingir o SVR após receber o inibidor sofosbuvir mais NS5A como um passo importante para alcançar melhores estratégias de erradicação do VHC. Métodos: No período de 1º de novembro de 2018 a 1º de novembro de 2019, 1581 pacientes receberam sofosbuvir mais daclatasvir ± ribavirin em nossa unidade e 10 pacientes foram encaminhados por recaída do VHC após os mesmos regimes. Um total de 163 dos 1581 pacientes foram perdidos para o acompanhamento antes da avaliação da resposta virológica e excluídos da análise. 20 dos demais pacientes não conseguiram a resposta virológica sustentada (SVR12). Os dados de 30 pacientes com não SVR12 foram incluídos na análise caso-controle. Resultados: Cada unidade aumentada no clearence estimado de creatinina usando o escore do estudo Modificação da Dieta em Doença Renal (MDRD), bilirrubina total e INR foram associadas a 1,03, 13,92 e 80,08 vezes maiores chances de não-SVR12 (P<0,001, P=0,0016, P=0,02) respectivamente. A presença de cirrose hepática na ultrassonografia aumenta as chances em 10,03. (P=0,009). Conclusão: Maior escore de MDRD, INR, bilirrubina total e presença de características sonográficas de cirrose hepática são preditores de falha na realização do SVR12 utilizando o inibidor sofosbuvir mais NS5A.

Clinical and Etiopathological Correlation of Acute Infective Hepatitis and Fulminant Hepatic Failure in Pediatric Patients.

Introduction: In India, infectious Hepatitis is one of the major health care burdens, with viral hepatitis being the most common culprit, followed by dengue, typhoid, and malarial hepatitis. Fulminant hepatitis manifests as a sudden abnormality in liver function enzymes in a child with no prior hepatic pathology. Aims and Objects: This study was aimed at identifying the various etiological factors and correlating clinical features of viral hepatitis, and fulminant liver failure. Materials and Methods: This observational study was conducted in the paediatrics in-patient department of S.P. Medical College & P.B.M. Associated Group of Hospitals, Bikaner (Rajasthan) over a period of one year. A total of 125 children with a clinical and lab-confirmed diagnosis of acute infective hepatitis were included. Data including clinical signs, symptoms, and laboratory parameters were obtained and analyzed. Results: Most commonly affected age group was between 5-10 years with the mean age being 7.1±4.6 years. The most common etiology was hepatitis A (n=39), followed by hepatitis E (n=24) and mixed hepatitis A virus (HAV)/hepatitis E virus (HAE) infection (n=20). Other causative organisms were dengue virus (n=16), typhoid (n=13), malaria (n=9), and hepatitis B. The most common clinical symptoms were fever, jaundice, loss of appetite, and vomiting/nausea. There were some clinical features seen more commonly in case of infection with certain organisms. High frequency of diarrhoea, arthralgia, and thrombocytopenia was seen with HAV. Neurological, renal complications and high mortality were associated with HEV or HAV/HEV co-infection. While retroorbital pain and purpuric rash were exclusive with dengue, malarial hepatitis was strongly associated with pallor and altered sensorium. Conclusion: Acute infective hepatitis is most commonly caused by HAV and HEV in Western Rajasthan. It is imperative to educate the masses regarding the prevention of common infections transmissible by infected drinking water, poor hand hygiene, improper waste disposal, and open defecation.

Knowledge, Awareness and Health Seeking Behaviour among Hepatitis patients attending a Tertiary Care Hospital in Delhi

Introduction: People living with Chronic Viral Hepatitis in India often lack awareness about risk factors and prevention. Objective: Objective of this article is to assess the health seeking behaviour of viral hepatitis infected patients attending super specialty hospital in Delhi. Methods: Total 389 patients attending a super specialty hospital in Delhi were interviewed. Results: The first point of contact for the treatment of hepatitis was a private practitioner (71%). Before coming to ILBS, 77.4% visited a private practitioner, followed by (42.7%) Govt. facilities (PHC/CHC/DH/Medical College), 12% visited a AYUSH doctor, about 10% visited either a Vaidya or a Hakim. About 40% believed that HBV is curable and 36.2% respondents thought that HCV is curable. Our findings show that 7.2% respondents have been vaccinated for HBV infection in the past, 20.8% respondents have screened their families for Hepatitis B infections. Conclusion: Need to create awareness about myths, further screening of HBV and HCV infection, early diagnosis and treatment.

Aspects socio-économiques de la prise en charge des hépatites virales chroniques en Côte-d'Ivoire / Socio-economic aspects of the management of chronic viral hepatitis in Côte-d'Ivoire

Contexte et objectifs. Les hépatites virales chroniques constituent un problème de santé publique en Côte-d'Ivoire. Très peu de malades accèdent au traitement en raison des coûts élevés du bilan et du traitement. L'objectif de la présente étude était d'évaluer les coûts du bilan et du traitement des hépatites virales chroniques. Méthodes. Il s'agissait d'une étude observationnelle transversale analytique réalisée, du 1er mars 2019 au 31 juillet 2019, en consultation d'hépato-gastroentérologie du CHU de Yopougon. Les variables étudiées étaient les paramètres sociodémographiques et économiques. Résultats. Au total, 136 patients (hommes 53, 6 %, âge moyen de 42 ans ± 12,2) ont été inclus. Plus de la moitié des patients (63,3 %) avaient un revenu mensuel n'excédant pas 490.39 USD. Le coût du bilan initial était de 223.13 USD et de 351.14 USD respectivement, pour l'hépatite virale B et C. Le ténofovir et l'interféron pégylé étaient gratuits. Le traitement par sofosbuvir + velpastavir coûtait 593.37 USD. Le bilan de suivi annuel était estimé à 237.02 USD pour l'hépatite virale B, 225.58 USD pour l'hépatite virale C. Conclusion. Le bilan et le traitement des hépatites virales chroniques ont un coût prohibitif pour les patients malgré la couverture maladie universelle.

Context and objectives. Chronic viral hepatitis is a public health problem in Côte-d'Ivoire. A significant number of patients have little access to treatment due to the high costs of assessment and treatment. The objective of our study was to evaluate the costs of assessments and treatment of chronic viral hepatitis. Methods. This was an analytical cross-sectional observational study from March 1, 2019 to July 31, 2019 in the HepatoGastroenterology Consultation Service at the Yopougon University Hospital. The variables studied were socio-demographic and economic parameters. Results. 136 patients (men 53.6 %, average age 42 ± 12.2 years) were included. More than half of the patients (63.3 %) had a monthly income not exceeding 490.39 USD. The cost of the initial assessment was 223.13 USD and 351.14 USD for viral hepatitis B and C, respectively. Tenofovir and pegylated interferon were free of charge. Treatment with sofosbuvir + velpastavir cost 593.37 USD. The annual follow-up assessment was estimated at 237.02 USD for viral hepatitis B and 225.58 USD for viral hepatitis C. Conclusion. The assessment and treatment of chronic viral hepatitis have a cost that remains high for patients despite the universal health coverage.

Episode of Hepatitis C viral infection in the people of Swat, Pakistan / Episódio de infecção viral por Hepatite C no povo de Swat, Paquistão

Infectious agents cause serious diseases in humans worldwide and are responsible for the high rate of morbidity and mortality. The prevalence and epidemiology of infectious disease (HCV) in the hospital visited patients referred by the physicians through the initial findings and their associated risk factors were studied in Swat. The data of 174 infected patients were collected during the period of 2015 to 2017 from two clinical laboratories of Tehsil Matta Swat. Inform consent form was taken before blood collection. After taking informed consent blood samples were collected and ICT test was performed and then ICT positive cases were conform through PCR. A total of 174 ICT positive samples [106 male and 68 females] were included in this study. Age was considered from 10 to 72 years. Of the 174 ICT strip positive, 99 [63 males, 36 females] were confirmed through PCR. The prevalence rate was recorded 56.89%. I.V/I.M injection was recorded in 100% of the individuals. Visits to the barber shop was reported in (58%) of the individuals, married individuals were (81.0), surgical operation was reported in (44.8%), sharing toothbrush was observed in (29.9%), piercing was reported in (39.7%), family history was reported in (26.4%), dental treatment was observed in (21.8%), jaundice were (13.2%) and tattooing was (1.7%). Blood transfusion, surgical operations, Jaundice, family history and dental treatment were found significant risk factors for acquiring HCV infection. It was concluded that proper implementation of precautionary measures should be needed to control the spread of HCV in far near future.

Agentes infecciosos causam doenças graves em humanos em todo o mundo, e são responsáveis pelo alto índice de morbimortalidade. A prevalência e a epidemiologia das doenças infecciosas no hospital que atendeu pacientes encaminhados pelos médicos por meio dos achados iniciais e seus fatores de risco associados foram estudadas em Peshawar. Os dados de 174 pacientes infectados foram coletados durante o período de 2015 a 2017 oriundos de dois laboratórios clínicos de Tehsil Matta Swat. O formulário de consentimento informado foi obtido antes da coleta de sangue. Após a obtenção do consentimento informado, foram coletadas amostras de sangue e foi realizado o teste ICT e, em seguida, os casos ICT positivos foram confirmados por PCR. Um total de 174 amostras ICT positivas [106 homens e 68 mulheres] foi incluído neste estudo. A idade considerada foi de 10 a 72 anos. Das 174 tiras de ICT positivas, 99 casos [63 homens, 36 mulheres] foram confirmados por PCR. A taxa de prevalência foi de 56,89%. A injeção IV / IM foi registrada em 100% dos indivíduos. A visita à barbearia foi relatada em (58%) dos indivíduos, os números de casados foram (81,0%), e a operação cirúrgica foi relatada em (44,8%), o compartilhamento de escova de dente foi observado em (29,9%), o piercing foi relatado em (39,7%), antecedentes familiares foram relatados em (26,4%), tratamento odontológico em (21,8%), icterícia (13,2%) e tatuagem em (1,7%). Transfusão de sangue, operações cirúrgicas, icterícia, histórico familiar e tratamento odontológico foram fatores de risco significativos para adquirir infecção por Vírus da Hepatite C (VHC). Concluiu-se que a implementação adequada de medidas de precaução deve ser necessária para controlar a propagação do VHC em um futuro próximo.

Epidemiological profile of viral hepatitis infection in the population treated at a reference hospital in Alagoas / Perfil epidemiológico da infecção por hepatite viral na população atendida em hospital de referência em Alagoas

Viral hepatitis are widely spread infectious diseases caused by a variety of etiological agents that displays liver tropism as a common characteristic. A descriptive, cross-sectional, observational and retrospective study was conducted through the analysis of viral hepatitis medical records treated and diagnosed from 2010 to 2015. The relationship between the variables were made through the chi-square test. 632 viral hepatitis medical records were analyzed. The highest number of cases happened in 2011. Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection was predominant. The most affected age group was < 20 years and the highest number of cases observed in this age group was related to HAV (p<0.001). The acute clinical form was predominant, with 70.2% of the cases. 92.3% of which corresponded to HAV infection (p<0.001). Most of the cases occurred in the brown race and male gender. Moreover, regarding the probable source/mechanism of infection, the contact with suspicious water/food for hepatitis A cases was highlighted. The sexual form predominated in HBV infection and previous history of blood transfusion in cases of hepatitis C. Most cases were spotted in the mesoregion of Eastern Alagoas, especially in the capital Maceió. It must be observed the importance of knowing the profile of this disease in order to understand its dissemination and thus have subsidies for the creation of actions and strategies to combat the infection.

A hepatite viral é uma doença infecciosa amplamente difundida causada por uma variedade de agentes etiológicos que exibem o tropismo hepático como uma característica comum. Um estudo descritivo, transversal, observacional e retrospectivo foi realizado por meio da análise de prontuários de hepatites virais tratados e diagnosticados de 2010 a 2015. A relação entre as variáveis foi feita através do teste qui-quadrado. Foram analisados 632 prontuários de hepatite sustero. O maior número de casos aconteceu em 2011. A infecção pelo vírus da hepatite A (HAV) foi predominante. A faixa etária mais atingida foi < 20 anos e o maior número de casos observados nessa faixa etária foi relacionado ao HAV (p<0,001). A forma clínica aguda foi predominante, com 70,2% dos casos. 92,3% dos quais corresponderam à infecção por HAV (p<0,001). A maioria dos casos ocorreu na raça parda e no sexo masculino. Além disso, quanto à provável fonte/mecanismo de infecção, foi destacado o contato com água/alimento suspeitos para os casos de hepatite A. A forma sexual predominou na infecção pelo HbV e histórico anterior de transfusão de sangue em casos de hepatite C. A maioria dos casos foi avistada na mesorregião do Leste de Alagoas, especialmente na capital Maceió. Deve-se observar a importância de conhecer o perfil dessa doença para entender sua disseminação e, assim, contar com subsídios para a criação de ações e estratégias de combate à infecção.

Desafios do processo de implantação dos medicamentos das hepatites virais B e C no componente estratégico da assistência farmacêutica no Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Challenges with the strategic pharmaceutical care program in the state of Rio de Janeiro's implementation of the viral hepatitis B and C medicines

O Brasil é signatário do documento da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) para eliminação das hepatites virais até 2030. Uma das estratégias para eliminação das hepatites virais é aumentar o número de diagnósticos e tratamentos. A migração dos medicamentos de hepatites virais crônicas B e C do componente especializado para o componente estratégico da assistência farmacêutica foi regulamentado pela portaria 1537 do Ministério da Saúde de Junho de 2020 e normatizada pela Nota Técnica 319 de 2020. Para essa transição foi organizado um cronograma com as etapas do processo e implantação do Sistema de Controle Logístico de Medicamentos (SICLOM) nos estados. O SICLOM é um sistema de cadastro de usuário, dispensação dos medicamentos, controle de estoque, avaliação dos critérios para prescrição dos medicamentos, além de emitir relatórios sobre quantidade de medicamentos dispensados. Uma etapa fundamental do processo foi a pactuação das Unidade Dispensadoras Municipais (UDM) no âmbito das Comissões Intergestores Regionais (CIR) e, posteriormente, na Comissão Intergestores Bipartite (CIB) para deliberar que essas unidades iniciassem o processo como farmácias dispensadoras de medicamentos de hepatites B e C no componente estratégico, utilizando o sistema SICLOM, no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. O objetivo deste trabalho é descrever o processo e avaliar os resultados relacionados ao número de pontos de atendimento e o quantitativo de tratamentos dispensados no período de julho de 2021 a fevereiro de 2022 no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. A metodologia compreendeu uma revisão da literatura sobre o papel do tratamento como estratégia de eliminação das hepatites virais e a descrição das atividades previstas e realizadas na linha do tempo desde o início do processo após o embasamento legal e da publicação das normativas e a extração dos dados e informações sobre o número de tratamentos do SICLOM. A migração resultou em 1084 tratamentos de julho a dezembro de 2021, correspondendo a 56,4% do total dos 1922 tratamentos dispensados pelo Componente Especializado da Assistência Farmacêutica (CEAF) durante todo o ano de 2020. A migração transcorreu com sucesso, aumentou de 29 polos de dispensação especializados para 61 UDM que são as farmácias do componente estratégico, tornando a dispensação mais ágil do que a espera anterior. Apesar dos efeitos negativos provocados pela pandemia pode-se considerar que houve um grande avanço na política pública de assistência às hepatites virais.

Brazil is a signatory country to the World Health Organization (WHO) document for the elimination of viral hepatitis by 2030. One of the strategies to eliminate viral hepatitis is to increase the number of diagnoses and treatments. The migration of drugs for chronic viral hepatitis B and C from the specialized component to the strategic component of pharmaceutical care was regulated by ordinance 1537 of the Ministry of Health of June 2020 and standardized by Technical Note 319 of 2020. A schedule was organized for this transition with the steps of the process and implementation of the logistics and dispensing system (SICLOM) in the states. SICLOM is a user registration system, drug dispensing, inventory control, evaluation of drug prescription criteria, in addition to issuing reports on the quantity of drugs dispensed. A fundamental step in the process was the agreement between the Municipal Dispensing Units (UDM) within the scope of the Regional Inter-management Commissions (CIR) and, later, in the Bipartite Inter-management Commission (CIB) to decide that these units would start the process as pharmacies that dispense hepatitis drugs. B and C in the strategic component, using the SICLOM system, in the State of Rio de Janeiro. The objective of this work is to describe the process and evaluate the results related to the number of service points and quantitative of treatments dispensed from July/2021 to February/2022 in the State of Rio de Janeiro. The methodology included a literature review on the role of treatment as a strategy to eliminate viral hepatitis, and the description of the activities planned and carried out in the timeline since the beginning of the process after the legal basis and the publication of norms, and the extraction of data and information on the number of treatments from SICLOM. The migration resulted in 1084 treatments from July to December 2021, corresponding to 56.4% of the total 1922 treatments dispensed by the Specialized Pharmaceutical Assistance Component (CEAF) throughout 2020. The migration was successful, increasing from 29 specialized dispensing centers to 61 DMUs, which are the pharmacies of the strategic component, making dispensing more agile than the previous wait. Despite the negative effects caused by the pandemic, it can be considered that there was a great advance in the public policy of assistance to viral hepatitis.

Epidemiological profile of viral hepatitis infection in the population treated at a reference hospital in Alagoas / Perfil epidemiológico da infecção por hepatite viral na população atendida em hospital de referência em Alagoas

Viral hepatitis are widely spread infectious diseases caused by a variety of etiological agents that displays liver tropism as a common characteristic. A descriptive, cross-sectional, observational and retrospective study was conducted through the analysis of viral hepatitis medical records treated and diagnosed from 2010 to 2015. The relationship between the variables were made through the chi-square test. 632 viral hepatitis medical records were analyzed. The highest number of cases happened in 2011. Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection was predominant. The most affected age group was < 20 years and the highest number of cases observed in this age group was related to HAV (p<0.001). The acute clinical form was predominant, with 70.2% of the cases. 92.3% of which corresponded to HAV infection (p<0.001). Most of the cases occurred in the brown race and male gender. Moreover, regarding the probable source/mechanism of infection, the contact with suspicious water/food for hepatitis A cases was highlighted. The sexual form predominated in HBV infection and previous history of blood transfusion in cases of hepatitis C. Most cases were spotted in the mesoregion of Eastern Alagoas, especially in the capital Maceió. It must be observed the importance of knowing the profile of this disease in order to understand its dissemination and thus have subsidies for the creation of actions and strategies to combat the infection.

A hepatite viral é uma doença infecciosa amplamente difundida causada por uma variedade de agentes etiológicos que exibem o tropismo hepático como uma característica comum. Um estudo descritivo, transversal, observacional e retrospectivo foi realizado por meio da análise de prontuários de hepatites virais tratados e diagnosticados de 2010 a 2015. A relação entre as variáveis foi feita através do teste qui-quadrado. Foram analisados 632 prontuários de hepatite sustero. O maior número de casos aconteceu em 2011. A infecção pelo vírus da hepatite A (HAV) foi predominante. A faixa etária mais atingida foi < 20 anos e o maior número de casos observados nessa faixa etária foi relacionado ao HAV (p<0,001). A forma clínica aguda foi predominante, com 70,2% dos casos. 92,3% dos quais corresponderam à infecção por HAV (p<0,001). A maioria dos casos ocorreu na raça parda e no sexo masculino. Além disso, quanto à provável fonte/mecanismo de infecção, foi destacado o contato com água/alimento suspeitos para os casos de hepatite A. A forma sexual predominou na infecção pelo HbV e histórico anterior de transfusão de sangue em casos de hepatite C. A maioria dos casos foi avistada na mesorregião do Leste de Alagoas, especialmente na capital Maceió. Deve-se observar a importância de conhecer o perfil dessa doença para entender sua disseminação e, assim, contar com subsídios para a criação de ações e estratégias de combate à infecção.